|
 |
| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
|
| Year : 2022 | Volume
: 21
| Issue : 1 | Page : 91-97 |
|
|
Dental students and COVID 19: An online multinational survey on perception and knowledge
Pradeep Koppolu1, Syed Bilal Tanvir2, Amara Swapna Lingam3, Muhammad Zakir Noor4, Ali Barakat4, Mohammed Saleh Alwahibi1, Hesham Almoallim5, Ali Aqerban6, Mohammed Noushad4, Fayez Hussain Niazi7
1 Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
2 Visiting Researcher, Center of Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
3 Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
4 Department of Restorative and Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
5 Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
6 Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh; Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
7 Department of Restorative and Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Biomaterials Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| Date of Submission | 14-Jul-2021 |
| Date of Acceptance | 17-Aug-2021 |
| Date of Web Publication | 18-Mar-2022 |
Correspondence Address:
Pradeep Koppolu
Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/aam.aam_149_21
 Abstract | | |
Background: Coronavirus is an emerging respiratory pathogen that causes coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), as per the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Objective: This study aimed to assess the state of awareness and extent of knowledge about COVID-19 among dental students from India, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: The present descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 872 participants from December 2020 to January 2021. Random sampling was performed using an electronic questionnaire. One-way analysis of variance and independent sample t-test were performed to assess and compare the mean knowledge score between different demographic data. Results: Approximately 60% (n = 520) of the responders were women and 40% responders were men (n = 352). The responders were from Saudi Arabia (36.9%; n = 322), India (34.2%; n = 298), and Pakistan (28.8%; n = 252). The difference within the subgroups was statistically nonsignificant (P > 0.05), indicating that dental students of all subparameters possessed equal knowledge on COVID-19. Conclusions: Dental students possess sufficient knowledge about COVID-19, qualifying them at least to work in a medical ward. However, more emphasis must be placed on infection prevention and control policies such as hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, and pre- and postexposure prophylaxis.
| Abstract in French | | |
Résumé
Contexte: Le coronavirus est un agent pathogène respiratoire émergent qui provoque la maladie à coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19), selon le Centre chinois chinois de contrôle et de prévention des maladies. Objectif: Cette étude visait à évaluer le degré de sensibilisation et l'étendue des connaissances sur le COVID-19 parmi les étudiants en médecine dentaire d'Inde, du Pakistan et d'Arabie Saoudite. Matériaux et méthodes: La présente étude descriptive transversale a été menée sur 872 participants de décembre 2020 à janvier 2021. Un échantillonnage aléatoire a été réalisé à l'aide d'un questionnaire électronique. Une analyse de variance à sens unique et un test t d'échantillon indépendant ont été réalisés pour évaluer et comparer le score moyen de connaissances entre les différentes données démographiques. différentes données démographiques. Résultats: Environ 60% (n = 520) des répondants étaient des femmes et 40% des répondants étaient des hommes (n = 352). Les répondants étaient originaires d'Arabie Saoudite (36,9% ; n = 322), d'Inde (34,2% ; n = 298) et du Pakistan (28,8% ; n = 252). La différence au sein des les sous-groupes était statistiquement non significative (P > 0,05), ce qui indique que les étudiants en médecine dentaire de tous les sous-paramètres possédaient les mêmes connaissances sur COVID-19. Conclusions: Les étudiants en médecine dentaire possèdent des connaissances suffisantes sur la COVID-19, ce qui les qualifie au moins pour travailler dans un service médical. Cependant, il faut mettre davantage l'accent sur les politiques de prévention et de contrôle des infections, telles que l'hygiène des mains, les équipements de protection individuelle, et la prophylaxie pré- et post-exposition.
Mots-clés: Sensibilisation, maladie à coronavirus-2019, étudiants en médecine dentaire
Keywords: Awareness, coronavirus disease-2019, dental students
How to cite this article:
Koppolu P, Tanvir SB, Lingam AS, Noor MZ, Barakat A, Alwahibi MS, Almoallim H, Aqerban A, Noushad M, Niazi FH. Dental students and COVID 19: An online multinational survey on perception and knowledge. Ann Afr Med 2022;21:91-7 |
How to cite this URL:
Koppolu P, Tanvir SB, Lingam AS, Noor MZ, Barakat A, Alwahibi MS, Almoallim H, Aqerban A, Noushad M, Niazi FH. Dental students and COVID 19: An online multinational survey on perception and knowledge. Ann Afr Med [serial online] 2022 [cited 2023 Jun 4];21:91-7. Available from: https://www.annalsafrmed.org/text.asp?2022/21/1/91/339922 |
| Introduction | |  |
According to the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an emerging respiratory pathogen that is responsible for coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19).[1] The currently rampant and global occurrence of novel coronavirus was first reported in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. This incidence was documented as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020. The virus is believed to be of zoonotic origin.[2],[3],[4] As of April 13, 2021, more than 137,694,031 confirmed cases and more than 2,973,053 deaths have been reported across 222 countries.[5] According to the WHO, the virus spreads mainly through respiratory droplets that patients cough out or exhale.[6] Although patients with symptomatic COVID-19 have been the vital source of virus spread, current observations recommend that asymptomatic patients in the incubation period could also act as probable carriers of SARS-CoV-2.[7],[8]
To date, only a few antiviral treatments or vaccines for COVID-19 have been suggested. Consequently, the application of preventive measures such as regular, thorough handwashing, maintaining social distancing, and practicing respiratory hygiene to control COVID-19 infection is deemed as the most critical. Owing to the characteristics of hospital settings, the risk of cross-infection is expected to be high among medical practitioners and patients. To help medical practitioners protect themselves, the WHO initiated several online training sessions on COVID-19 in the English, French, Chinese, Spanish, and Russian languages to reinforce awareness and preventive approaches.[9]
Dental students are expected to possess an adequate level of knowledge and sensitivities for the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, the present study assessed the awareness and knowledge regarding COVID-19 among some dental students in their clinical years from India, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan.
| Materials and Methods | | |
Participants and methods
Design and sampling
A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2020 to January 2021 on 872 dental students from Saudi Arabia, India, and Pakistan. Random sampling in the form of an electronic questionnaire was performed. The estimation of the sample size was performed using the formula, n = P (1 − P) Z2/d2, assuming an unknown prevalence of 50%, Z = 1.96, d = 0.05, confidence level (5% margin of error) =95%, and power = 80%. The calculated sample size for this study was hence 872.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
The consecutive samples of all male and female students were sourced from Saudi Arabia, India, and Pakistan. The age of the students ranged from 18 to 40 years. The study population consisted of dental students pursuing a bachelor's degree in dental surgery from different universities across the three countries. Participants who did not answer all these questions were excluded from the study.
Data collection and measures
A closed ended questionnaire comprising multiple-choice questions in the English language was employed for data collection. Sociodemographic data (including name, age, sex, nationality, educational level, region, and income) and disease knowledge (including the mode of infection, clinical picture, methods of control, and sources of information) were evaluated through the questionnaire. The possible responses regarding disease knowledge were classified as “correct,” “incorrect,” and “I do not know.” For a “correct” response, 1 point was assigned, whereas for both “incorrect” and “I do not know” responses, 0 point was assigned. High scores of the respondents denoted their greater knowledge. The questionnaire was reviewed and validated by three experts in the fields of microbiology, internal medicine, and biostatistics.
A pilot study was conducted on a group of 115 people to ensure the applicability of the questionnaire as well as to estimate the time frame required to complete the questionnaire. The questionnaires were distributed electronically through social media applications, such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and WhatsApp. All the questionnaires were attached with a greeting letter that detailed the purpose of the study and informed the participants that their participation was optional and that they had the right to withdraw from the study at any stage.
Ethical approval
The study was conducted after institutional ethics clearance (REC12/2020).
Statistical analyses
Data entry and analysis were performed using SPSS version 21 (SPSS Inc. Armonk, NY, USA). Descriptive statistics were used to describe all the variables. The mean and standard deviation were employed to identify the mean scores of the different studied domains. The Chi-square test was applied to measure differences between the groups. P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. One-way analysis of variance and independent sample t-test were applied to compare the mean knowledge score between different sets of demographic data.
| Results | | |
A total of 872 health-care dental students studying in Saudi Arabia (36.9%; n = 322), India (34.2%; n = 298), and Pakistan (28.8%; n = 252) responded to the survey. The majority of the responders belonged to the age group of 24–26 years (n = 294), with nearly 80% of the students pursuing virology or clinical microbiology as one of the subjects. Approximately 60% (n = 520) of the respondents were women and 40% of the respondents were men (n = 352). Most of the students acquired information on COVID-19 through the respective official government websites (43.6%) and social media applications (42%). Among the various subgroups of educational status, 55.9% (n = 448) of fourth- and fifth-year students, 25.6% (n = 224) of the internship students, and 18.3% (n = 160) of the first-, second-, and third-year students completed the survey [Table 1]. | Table 1: Distribution of subject (n=872) demographics and comparison of the knowledge status about coronavirus disease-2019 related to different subparameters of the student population
Click here to view |
The overall observation suggested that the students possessed moderate knowledge (69.8%) on the general information, prevention, complications, diagnosis, transmission, and treatment aspects of COVID-19. The students were found to possess adequate information on the high-risk groups (93.8%), incubation period (92.9%), lethal complications (92%), and suspected animal carriers of COVID-19 (83.9%), while they displayed poor knowledge in the field of Ro (R Knot) of the disease (41.1%), effective medication (42%), and disease distribution in the world (48.2%) [Table 2]. | Table 2: Percent of correct responses by the students on the awareness about coronavirus disease-2019
Click here to view |
The male participants possessed better overall knowledge about COVID-19 than the female participants; however, the female participants displayed better knowledge in the fields of medication use (Q4), prevention (Q6), sampling for diagnosis (Q7), high-risk populations (Q8), and incubation period (Q10). The participants in the age group of 24–26 years displayed higher overall knowledge about COVID-19, whereas those in the age group of 27–29 years displayed better knowledge on the sampling for lab diagnosis (Q7), incubation period (Q10), lethal complication (Q11), and resemblance of the virus (Q15). The participants in the age group of 18–20 years displayed greater knowledge related to disease severity (or the case fatality rate) (Q9). Pakistani students exhibited 100% knowledge regarding the diagnostic tests used (Q5), high-risk population (Q8), disease severity (the case fatality rate) (Q9), incubation period (Q10), lethal complications (Q11), suspected animal carriers (Q12), and high-risk occupations (Q13) of COVID-19. The Indian students expressed better knowledge concerning the mode of transmission (Q2) [Table 3] and [Graph 1], [Graph 2], [Graph 3]. | Table 3: Percent of correct responses by students of different sex, age groups, and nationalities
Click here to view |
The internship students showed greater overall knowledge about COVID-19, whereas the first- to third-year students displayed greater knowledge about the disease distribution status across the world (Q3). Of the 872 students, 39.4% of students were aware of the medications under trial (Q4), and the fourth- and fifth-year students displayed greater knowledge related to the disease severity (or the case fatality rate) (Q9). Moreover, news channels were found to deliver a more correct answer to the global disease distribution situation across the world (Q3), and Ro (R Knot) of a disease (Q14) was compared with official government websites and social media. The students pursuing study on virology or clinical microbiology exhibited greater knowledge about COVID-19, whereas those who did not study virology or clinical microbiology displayed greater knowledge related to the sample types used for diagnosis (Q7), incubation period (Q10), lethal complication (Q11), suspected animal carriers (Q12), and high-risk occupations (Q13) for COVID-19 [Table 4] and [Graph 4]. | Table 4: Distribution of the correct responses by students with different education levels, source of information, and differences in having studied virology
Click here to view |
The difference between the subgroups was found to be statistically nonsignificant (P > 0.05), indicating that dental students possessed equal knowledge of different subparameters related to COVID-19.
| Discussion | | |
A few studies conducted over the recent past have attempted to determine the awareness status regarding coronavirus among dental and medical students. Nevertheless, our literature search did not reveal any study on the comparative assessment of the level of awareness regarding COVID-19 in medical students across the Asian and Middle Eastern countries simultaneously.
The present study focused on the awareness status regarding COVID-19 across different countries, with a major focus on India, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan. The average incubation period determined through research has been estimated to be approximately 14 days.[10],[11] Health-care professionals must ideally be aware of the incubation period considering its vital role in the control of the source of infections. The present study indicated that a majority of the dental students had a high level of understanding regarding the incubation period of the COVID-19 virus [Table 3]. Furthermore, the students displayed knowledge regarding the signs and symptoms of COVID-19 as well as the complications related to the disease that could lead to mortality. Most of the dental students also possessed knowledge regarding the transmission and population who are at a high risk of infection and mortality [Table 4]. However, Indian and Pakistani dental students were found to possess a slightly greater amount of knowledge regarding the aforementioned areas of COVID-19 than the students from Saudi Arabia; however, this difference was found to be statistically nonsignificant. The students from Pakistan exhibited a lower amount of knowledge regarding the available treatment options and diagnosis of COVID-19 than the students from Saudi Arabia and India. This difference could be attributed to the fact that several antivirals are currently under trial. However, to the best of our knowledge, no high-quality randomized controlled trial with a low bias definitively supporting an established antiviral or immunomodulation therapy has been recently published.[12],[13],[14] Another area where most of the students showed a lack of knowledge was the transmissibility of the COVID-19 disease, and only 41% of the students displayed better knowledge regarding the R knot of the disease. Recent studies conducted by Quadri et al.,[15] Al Jasser et al.,[16] and Kanaparthi et al.[17] have concluded that the awareness status of dental students about COVID-19 is satisfactory.
Although the situation of the pandemic is difficult, several countries have resorted to setting up special hotlines and dedicated websites to disseminate accurate information about the pandemic.[18],[19] It was identified that many students still need to resort to social media to obtain information regarding COVID-19. Social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, and YouTube have contributed to the abundant misinformation and myths regarding the virus. The present study showed that a significant proportion of students (42%) used social media to obtain information related to COVID-19,[20],[21] which could be one of the main reasons for the low level of knowledge related to COVID-19 in certain areas. Overall, both the male and female students showed an almost equal level of knowledge regarding COVID-19. The knowledge level was satisfactory in both the gender and age groups. The level of knowledge displayed by the participants in the present study was similar to that reported in a study conducted in India by Modi et al., who demonstrated that medical students had satisfactory knowledge about COVID-19.[22]
| Conclusions | | |
Dental students and interns have sufficient knowledge about COVID-19, qualifying them at least to work in a medical ward. However, special emphasis must be placed on awareness regarding viral infections in the academic and clinical curriculum of dental students to further raise the level of their awareness toward the threats faced by public health infrastructure due to the presence of different viral infectious diseases with a higher rate of morbidity, mortality, and virulence. In the current situation, more emphasis must be placed on infection prevention and control policies such as maintaining hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, and pre- and postexposure prophylaxis. Newer interventions such as the use of antivirals should be rapidly utilized as soon as these medications prove to have a strong efficacy against COVID-19-positive patients. We believe that further studies with larger samples and involving dental students from different academic years and countries can further strengthen the findings of the present study.
Acknowledgments
The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Postgraduate and Scientific Research at Dar Al Uloom University for funding this work.
Financial support and sponsorship
This project is funded by the Deanship of Postgraduate and Scientific Research at Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, KSA.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References | | |
| 1. | Li ZY, Meng LY. The prevention and control of a new coronavirus infection in department of stomatology. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2020;55:E001.  |
| 2. | Phelan AL, Katz R, Gostin LO. The novel coronavirus Originating in Wuhan, China: Challenges for global health governance. JAMA 2020;323:709-10. |
| 3. | “WHO Director-General's Opening Remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID-19 – Mar 11 2020.” World Health Organization. 2020 March 11. |
| 4. | Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1199-207. |
| 5. | |
| 6. | World Health Organization. (2020). Getting your workplace ready for COVID-19: How COVID-19 spreads, 19 March 2020. World Health Organization. |
| 7. | Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KK, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: A study of a family cluster. Lancet 2020;395:514-23. |
| 8. | Rothe C, Schunk M, Sothmann P, Bretzel G, Froeschl G, Wallrauch C, et al. Transmission of 2019-nCoV infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany. N Engl J Med 2020;382:970-1. |
| 9. | World Health Organization. Responding to COVID-19: Real-Time Training for the Coronavirus Disease Outbreak. Available from: https://openwho.org/channels/covid-19. [Last accessed on 2020 Mar 21]. |
| 10. | Backer JA, Klinkenberg D, Wallinga J. Incubation period of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infections among travellers from Wuhan, China, 20-28 January 2020. Euro Surveill 2020;25:2000062. |
| 11. | Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, et al.Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1199-207. [doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001316]. |
| 12. | Norrie JD. Remdesivir for COVID-19: Challenges of underpowered studies. Lancet 2020;395:1525-7. |
| 13. | Tang W, Cao Z, Han M, Wang Z, Chen J, Sun W, et al. Hydroxychloroquine in patients with mainly mild to moderate coronavirus disease 2019: Open label, randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2020;369:m1849. |
| 14. | Cao B, Wang Y, Wen D, Liu W, Wang J, Fan G, et al. A Trial of Lopinavir-Ritonavir in adults hospitalized with Severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1787-99. |
| 15. | Quadri MF, Jafer MA, Alqahtani AS, Al Mutahar SA, Odabi NI, Daghriri AA, et al. Novel corona virus disease (COVID-19) awareness among the dental interns, dental auxiliaries and dental specialists in Saudi Arabia: A nationwide study. J Infect Public Health 2020;13:856-64. |
| 16. | Al Jasser R, Al Sarhan M, Al Otaibi D, Al Oraini S. Awareness toward COVID-19 precautions among different levels of dental students in king Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. J Multidiscip Healthc 2020;13:1317-24. |
| 17. | Kanaparthi A, Dukkireddy D, Gopalaiah H, Kesary SP, Katne T, Gantala R. Awareness of COVID 19 pandemic among dental practioners of Telangana state, India: A cross sectional survey. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2020;10:484-9. |
| 18. | Cuan-Baltazar JY, Muñoz-Perez MJ, Robledo-Vega C, Pérez-Zepeda MF, Soto-Vega E. Misinformation of COVID-19 on the Internet: Infodemiology Study. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2020;6:e18444. |
| 19. | Mian A, Khan S. Coronavirus: The spread of misinformation. BMC Med 2020;18:89. |
| 20. | Love JS, Blumenberg A, Horowitz Z. The parallel pandemic: Medical misinformation and COVID-19: Primum non nocere. J Gen Intern Med 2020;35:2435-6. |
| 21. | Limaye RJ, Sauer M, Ali J, Bernstein J, Wahl B, Barnhill A, et al. Building trust while influencing online COVID-19 content in the social media world. Lancet Digit Health 2020;2:e277-8. |
| 22. | Modi, PD, Nair G, Uppe A, Modi J, Tuppekar B, Gharpure AS, et al. COVID-19 Awareness among healthcare students and professionals in mumbai metropolitan region: A questionnaire-based survey. Cureus 2020;12:e7514. |
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4]
|
