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| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2021 | Volume
: 20
| Issue : 3 | Page : 193-197 |
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The relationship between body weight and dietary habits with respect to the timing of puberty among saudi children and adolescents
Mashael AbdulAziz Shahatah1, Alaa Mubarak Jadkarim1, Revan Zeiny Banjar1, Yousof O Kabli2, Asmaa A Milyani2, Abdulmoein E Al-Agha2
1 Department of Paediatrics, Ibn Sina National College, College of Medicine, King AbdulAziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
2 Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, King AbdulAziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| Date of Submission | 16-May-2020 |
| Date of Acceptance | 08-Sep-2020 |
| Date of Web Publication | 17-Sep-2021 |
Correspondence Address:
Dr. Abdulmoein E Al-Agha
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, King AbdulAziz University Hospital, P.O. Box 80215, Jeddah 21589
Saudi Arabia
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/aam.aam_41_20
 Abstract | | |
Objective: The objective is to investigate the timing of pubertal onset as determined by the development of secondary sexual characteristics in relation to body weight and dietary patterns among Saudi females. Methods: Children/adolescents visiting general and endocrinology pediatric clinics in King AbdulAziz University Hospital were invited to participate in this study. Female subjects between the ages of 5 and 20 years were included in this study, and those with syndromic disease, chronic comorbidities, endocrinopathies, organic causes of precocious puberty, positive family history of early pubertal onset, and under chronic medication were excluded from the study. Data were collected through clinical interviews with the consent of the legal guardians, and physical examinations were conducted. Results: A total of 164 females were investigated. The mean age of thelarche, adrenarche, and menarche was 10, 11.3, and 12.2 years, respectively. We found a significant correlation between higher weight standard deviation and an earlier age of both thelarche and adrenarche. In addition, daily consumption of fast foods was significantly associated with an earlier menarchal age. Consumption of nonorganic poultry was linked to early thelarche. Conclusion: Efforts should be directed to increase public and community awareness that fast food consumption, inorganic poultry, and higher body weight are important modifiable factors that lead to an earlier onset of female puberty across different parameters: breast development, adrenarche, and menstruation.
| Abstract in French | | |
Résumé
Objectif: Étudier le moment de l'apparition de la puberté tel que déterminé par le développement de caractères sexuels secondaires en relation avec le poids corporel et les habitudes alimentaires chez les femmes saoudiennes. Méthodes: Les enfants / adolescents visitant les cliniques pédiatriques générales et d'endocrinologie de l'hôpital universitaire King AbdulAziz ont été invités à participer à cette étude. Les sujets de sexe féminin âgés de 2 à 18 ans ont été inclus dans cette étude, et ceux atteints de maladie syndromique, de comorbidités chroniques, d'endocrinopathies, de causes organiques de puberté précoce, d'antécédents familiaux d'apparition pubertaire précoce et sous traitement chronique ont été exclus de l'étude . Les données ont été recueillies lors d'entretiens cliniques avec le consentement des tuteurs légaux et des examens physiques ont été effectués. Résultats: Un total de 163 femmes ont été étudiées. L'âge moyen de la larche, de l'adrénarche et de la ménarche était respectivement de 10, 11,3 et 12,2 ans. Nous avons trouvé une corrélation significative entre un écart-type de poids plus élevé et un âge plus précoce de la larche et de l'adrénarche. De plus, la consommation fréquente de fast-foods était significativement associée à un âge ménarché plus précoce. Une consommation plus élevée de volaille non biologique était liée à la croissance précoce. Conclusion: Des efforts devraient être déployés pour sensibiliser le public et la communauté aux habitudes alimentaires et au poids corporel en tant que facteurs modifiables importants qui favorisent l'apparition précoce de la puberté féminine, indépendamment de leurs effets les uns sur les autres
Keywords: Body weight, diet, early puberty, fast food, nonorganicMots clés: poids corporel; Puberté précoce; Fast food; non-organique; Régime
How to cite this article:
Shahatah MA, Jadkarim AM, Banjar RZ, Kabli YO, Milyani AA, Al-Agha AE. The relationship between body weight and dietary habits with respect to the timing of puberty among saudi children and adolescents. Ann Afr Med 2021;20:193-7 |
How to cite this URL:
Shahatah MA, Jadkarim AM, Banjar RZ, Kabli YO, Milyani AA, Al-Agha AE. The relationship between body weight and dietary habits with respect to the timing of puberty among saudi children and adolescents. Ann Afr Med [serial online] 2021 [cited 2023 Oct 2];20:193-7. Available from: https://www.annalsafrmed.org/text.asp?2021/20/3/193/326196 |
| Introduction | |  |
Puberty is an interval period during which the reproductive axis is activated and secondary sexual characteristics begin to develop in order to achieve full reproductive ability.[1] It usually follows a sequence that begins in females with breast development (thelarche), followed by pubic (pubarche) and axillary (adrenarche) hair growth, and finally ends with the onset of menstruation (menarche). The current physiological age range for onset of puberty in females is between 8 and 13 years, with menstruation starting at about 15 years of age.[2] This is a dramatic decline in the age of puberty onset in comparison to the early 19th century, when the onset of breast development and menstruation averaged around 11 and 17 years of age, respectively.[3],[4] The American Psychological Association has stated that an earlier onset of puberty that is within the lower limit of the physiological age range and not precocious was associated with more depressive disorders, substance use disorders, eating disorders, and disruptive behavioral disorders more prominent in females than in males.[5]
The role of several factors in the early onset of puberty has been investigated. Among these, environmental factors were found to be of significant contribution.[6] Examples of these environmental factors include the type of diet[7] consumed and exposure to pesticides.[6] Furthermore, childhood obesity is now considered an endemic struggle for the people of Saudi Arabia due to the predominantly sedentary lifestyle as a consequence of the high-temperature weather through most of the year. Outdoor activity is very limited, and there is high dependence on private transportation, as well as widespread, heavy, and frequent consumption of fast foods and nonorganic poultry. This in turn is precipitating an increase in female earlier-onset puberty, due to the association found between overweight/obesity and early onset of puberty in females.[8] Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the timing of pubertal onset in terms of developing secondary sexual characteristics in relation to body weight and dietary patterns as separate variables that are independent of each other.
| Subjects, Material, and Methods | | |
This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study that was carried out between May and October 2019. Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethical committee at King AbdulAziz University [refer to appendix A]. The sample included in the study was female children and adolescents between the ages of 5 and 20 years. Verbal informed consent was obtained from legal guardians/parents for the participation of their children in this study. The study adhered to the World Medical Association declaration of Helsinki on medical research involving human subjects.[9]
Sample recruitment was through random selection of patients attending general pediatrics and the pediatric endocrinology clinics at King AbdulAziz University. Data were collected by conducting clinical interviews with the parents/legal guardians, examining the children/adolescents, reviewing medical records, and questionnaires filled by the patients or the parents wherever appropriate. The data collected included a past medical and surgical history, medication history, family history, and age of thelarche, adrenarche, and menarche. Furthermore, a dietary history gathered information on the type of poultry consumed (local organic or nonorganic) and frequency of fast food intake (daily, 2–3 times a week, once weekly, or occasionally), which were the two dietary patterns investigated in this study. Children and adolescents underwent a general physical examination for the assessment of pubertal status. Puberty was evaluated according to the tanner scale.
The final sample size was 164 subjects that met inclusion criteria and were exempt from exclusion criteria and were therefore included in this study. Inclusion criteria were an age between 5 and 20 years, female gender, and Tanner stage of more than or equal to 2. Exclusions were investigated for through taking a comprehensive history and reviewing data present in medical records. They were determined based on factors that could interfere with the timing of pubertal onset. Children with syndromic disease, chronic comorbidities, endocrinopathies, previous exposure to cranial radiotherapy, positive history for sex hormone intake such as contraceptive pills, organic causes of precocious puberty (e.g., hypothalamic-pituitary tumors, hydrocephalus, meningoencephalitis and brain abscess, significant head trauma, and cerebral arteriovenous malformation) positive family history of early puberty, and incomplete data were excluded from the study.
Statistical analysis
Data were checked for completeness, and errors were corrected. Descriptive statistics were used to present all variables. The one-way analysis of variance test was used to compare quantitative and qualitative variables, whereas the Chi-square test was used to compare qualitative variables. The participants were categorized according to weight standard deviation (SD) and were considered underweight if weight SD was below-1, overweight if the value was higher than +1, obese if higher than +2, and normal weight if the SD value was between −1 and +1 SD.[10] The analysis was performed using 95% confidence intervals, with P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. We employed the Statistical Package for Social Science, version 23.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA).
| Results | | |
A table with demographic and clinical characteristics for our sample can be found in [Table 1]. A total of 164 females were investigated in this study, weight range was between 17 kg and 78 kg, with a mean weight of 40.6 kg ± 12.2 SD weight SDs ranged between −4.80 and +3.02, with a mean weight SD of −0.15. The weight pattern based on the age can be found in [Figure 1]. The age of thelarche ranged between 5 and 15 years with a mean age of 10 years ± 1.8 SD The age of adrenarche ranged between 6 and 16 years with a mean age of 11.3 years ± 1.8 SD. The age of menarche ranged between 10 and 16 years with a mean age of 11.9 years ± 2.2 SD. A significant correlation was established between subjects with higher weight SD and an earlier age of both thelarche and adrenarche (P < 0.05), whereas no relationship was found between weight SD and age of menstrual onset [Figure 2] and [Figure 3]. However, a significant correlation was established between daily consumption of fast foods and an earlier age of menarche (P < 0.05). In order to ensure weight SD and frequency of fast-food consumption were not confounding factors, we studied the relationship between fast food consumption and weight SD, and found no significant correlation between them in our sample (P > 0.05). This means that those who consumed fast-food daily did not have a high weight SD by means of statistical significance, and so results of earlier pubertal onset in both groups were independent of each other. A positive trend was found between consumption of nonorganic poultry and an earlier age of thelarche, but the relationship was not significant (P > 0.05). | Table 1: Demographics, clinical characteristics, and dietary outline of our sample
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 | Figure 3: Mean age of thelarche onset across different weight categories in standard deviation
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| Discussion | | |
In terms of dietary patterns, we established a significant relationship between daily fast food consumption and an earlier mean age of menarchal onset and a positive trend between consumption of nonorganic poultry and an earlier mean age of thelarche.
Dietary pattern is an important modifiable factor to be considered in all aspects of child growth, development, and puberty. A previous study investigated the role of dietary factors in puberty and subsequently suggested a relevant association, besides that of obesity.[7] Consumption of animal protein has been proven to be significantly associated with an earlier-onset of puberty, whereas high vegetable intake is strongly associated with a later-onset of puberty.[11] One study showed that a diet devoid of chicken and beef significantly delays both the process of puberty and the onset of menarche in females, allowing more time for growth and the possibility to achieve peak height velocity.[12] Another study also yielded positive results on the relationship between animal protein consumption and age of menarche.[13],[14] This was further reinforced by another study that suggested that the effect of animal protein on the onset of menarche is more noticeable when children consume animal protein between 3 and 7 years of age.[15],[16] This might be explained due to the presence of steroid hormone residues in nonorganic poultry consumed by children and adolescents causing breast enlargement at an earlier age than anticipated for physiological puberty.[17] Other authors have provided evidence that suggest a protein-mediated enhancement of growth factor expression as an explanation for the earlier pubertal onset experienced with higher animal protein consumption.[18],[19]
Additional dietary factors were found to be significantly correlated with early development of secondary sexual characteristics, including the consumption of fried fast foods.[17] One study in China investigated 3 dietary patterns in relation to age of puberty: an unhealthy diet rich in soft drinks, fried food, and desserts; a protein diet rich in dairy products and protein powder; and the traditional diet rich in red meat, white meat, aquatic and sea food, vegetables, and fruits. An unhealthy diet was significantly associated with precocious puberty even after adjustment for age and body mass index.[7] This is in agreement with our findings, as children and adolescents who consumed fast foods more frequently were observed to have an earlier pubertal onset.
Overweight and obesity are believed to influence the age of pubertal onset through the development of insulin resistance, leading to a subsequent increase in circulating serum insulin and diminished levels of sex hormone binding globulin. This in turn increases the bioavailability of estrogen and promotes early thelarche.[20] In addition, the adipose tissue shows peripheral aromatase activity, which catalyzes the peripheral conversion of circulating androgens into estrogen, thus increasing its concentration. Adiposity is directly related to the degree of peripheral estrogen production, with higher concentrations in overweight or obese subjects. Adipose tissue is also regarded as the most predominant site of extra-gonadal estrogen biosynthesis.[21] Furthermore, high circulating levels of leptin are found in overweight and obese children. This is attributed to the degree of leptin-resistance expressed by individuals with high adiposity. Leptin plays a central role in the activation of the GnRH axis by signaling energy abundance through its interaction with kisspeptin, thereby facilitating the initiation of puberty. Children with high SD s of weight are prone to leptin-resistance and high levels of circulating leptin levels, placing them at risk of early puberty.[22] This is supported by the statistically significant (P < 0.05) finding in our study of an earlier age of onset of both thelarche and adrenarche in subjects with higher weight SD [Figure 1] and [Figure 4]. | Figure 4: Mean age (in years) of adrenarche onset across different weight categories in standard deviation
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The significance of this study centers on the detrimental psychosocial consequences that an earlier onset of puberty impacts female children and adolescents. While this was not one of the objectives that were investigated in this study, previous studies have proven a negative psychosocial impact of an earlier onset of puberty on female children and adolescents in particular.[5],[23],[24] One study has declared that females who have an earlier onset of puberty in comparison to their peers find it more challenging to adjust psychosocially and are more likely to experience negative adverse effects than their peers. These are in the form of depression, psychosomatic symptoms (inorganic abdominal pain, headache, breathlessness, palpitations, and sleep disturbances), eating disorders and body-image dissatisfaction, smoking and substance abuse, poor academic performance, and delinquency.[23]
The cross-sectional/observational nature of the study and the sample size used are some of the limitations of this research.
| Conclusion | | |
Our study demonstrates that daily consumption of fast foods and higher weight SD significantly contribute to an earlier onset of puberty in females whereas consumption of inorganic poultry is associated with an earlier mean age of breast development. Because these variables are modifiable, we recommend more efforts toward raising the community's awareness of the need to consume organic poultry, reduce fast-food consumption to an occasional frequency, and target overweight and obesity by promoting physical activity and healthier diets.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4]
[Table 1]
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