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| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2012 | Volume
: 11
| Issue : 2 | Page : 84-90 |
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Left ventricular structure and function in black normotensive type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
Igben F Aigbe, Philip M Kolo, Ayodele B Omotoso
Department of Medicine, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria
| Date of Web Publication | 6-Mar-2012 |
Correspondence Address:
Igben F Aigbe
Department of Medicine, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, P.M.B. 1459, Ilorin
Nigeria
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/1596-3519.93530
 Abstract | | |
Background: Relationship between type 2 DM and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is well known, with CVD being the most common cause of mortality in diabetics. Significant myocardial injury before overt CVD in DM can be identified early using echocardiography. This study therefore aimed at evaluating left ventricular structure and function of patients with type 2 DM.
Materials and Methods: One hundred and fifty adult type 2 DM patients were recruited with 150 age- and sex-matched controls. Patients and subjects with systemic hypertension, pregnancy, sickle cell disease and structural heart disease were excluded from the study. Participants were evaluated clinically; had anthropometric parameters and electrocardiogram taken. Echocardiograms were obtained according to the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) recommendations.
Results: Mean age of the patients (55.4±11.6 years) was similar to that of the control (54.2±9.6 years) (P=0.348) and the duration of DM was 4.53 years. Left ventricular (LV) systolic function was normal in both groups but was higher in patients than controls (ejection fraction=70.3±10.7% and 64.4 ± 9.4%, P =0.001 respectively). The prevalence of LV diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) was 72% in the patients compared with 6% in controls (P=0.001). Patients' age, body weight, duration of DM, LV mass index and left atrial dimension were positive correlates of LVDD while patients' age, weight and left atrial dimension were independent predictors of LVDD.
Conclusion: There is high prevalence of alterations in LV structure and function in normotensive type 2 DM; and there is a need for early intervention to prevent overt LV dysfunction. | Abstract in French | | |
Fond: Relation entre tapez 2 DM et de maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV) sont bien connu, avec les maladies cardiovasculaires sont la cause la plus fréquente de mortalité chez les diabétiques. Lésion myocardique significative avant CVD manifeste en DM peut être identifiée au début à l'aide d'échocardiographie. Cette étude donc vise à évaluer à gauche ventriculaire structure et la fonction des patients avec type DM 2.
Matériaux et procédés: Les patients DM 2 de type adulte à cent cinquante ont été recrutés avec 150 contrôles appariés selon l'âge et le sexe. Les patients et les sujets atteints d'hypertension systémique, grossesse, drépanocytose et structurelle de maladie cardiaque étaient exclus de l'étude. Les participants ont été évalués sur le plan clinique; paramètres anthropométriques et l'électrocardiogramme avaient pris. Échocardiogrammes ont été obtenus selon la société américaine d'échocardiographie (ASE) recommandations.
Résultats: Moyen âge des patients (55.4±11.6 ans) était semblable à celle du contrôle (54.2±9.6 ans) (P= 0.348) et la durée de DM était 4,53 ans. Gauche fonction systolique ventriculaire (LV) était normale dans les deux groupes, mais est plus élevée chez les patients que les contrôles (fraction=70.3±10.7% d'éjection et 64,4 ± 9,4%, P = 0,001 respectivement). La prévalence de la dysfonction diastolique LV (LVDD) était de 72% chez les patients comparés à 6% chez les témoins (P= 0,001). L'âge des patients, poids corporel, durée de DM, indice de masse LV et dimension auriculaire gauche étaient positifs corrélats de LVDD alors que l'âge, de poids et de dimension auriculaire gauche des patients étaient des prédicteurs indépendants de LVDD.
Conclusion: Il y a forte prévalence de la fonction et des altérations dans la structure de LV dans normotensif type 2 DM; et il existe un besoin pour une intervention précoce à empêcher les manifestes LV dysfonctionnement.
Mots-clés: Les patients normotendus noirs, quitté la fonction ventriculaire, tapez 2 DM Keywords: Black normotensive patients, left ventricular function, type 2 DM
How to cite this article:
Aigbe IF, Kolo PM, Omotoso AB. Left ventricular structure and function in black normotensive type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Ann Afr Med 2012;11:84-90 |
How to cite this URL:
Aigbe IF, Kolo PM, Omotoso AB. Left ventricular structure and function in black normotensive type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Ann Afr Med [serial online] 2012 [cited 2023 Sep 26];11:84-90. Available from: https://www.annalsafrmed.org/text.asp?2012/11/2/84/93530 |
| Introduction | |  |
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder resulting from defects in insulin secretion, action or both leading to inefficient metabolism of sugars and other substrates by the body tissues; causing both acute and chronic life-threatening complications. Presently, about 2.8% of the world population (about 177 million people) is afflicted by DM and it is expected to almost double by 2030. [1],[2] In Nigeria, the prevalence of type 2 DM was about 2.2% in 1997. [3]
Among many complications of DM, cardiovascular involvement, frequently manifesting as peripheral vascular disease, coronary artery disease (CAD), systemic hypertension, congestive heart failure and stroke, is associated with worse clinical outcome. [4] However, prior to, or simultaneously with these overt presentations, more subtle and insidious myocardial damage may be ongoing which become manifest only when significant myocardial injury has occurred. Previous studies in DM patients which assessed cardiac function were predominantly done in those with systemic hypertension. [5],[6] A combination of DM and systemic hypertension is known to be associated with poor health and premature death. [7] This study aimed at evaluating left ventricular structure and function of individuals with type 2 DM who are free of systemic hypertension using non-invasive imaging modality.
| Materials and Methods | | |
This cross-sectional study was carried-out at a University Teaching Hospital in Nigeria. One hundred and fifty adult type 2 DM patients were randomly selected with 150 age- and sex-matched normal non-diabetic subjects. Type 2 DM patients and subjects with systemic hypertension, pregnancy, sickle cell disease and structural heart disease were excluded from the study. All the study participants were evaluated clinically and anthropometric parameters such as height (m), weight (kg), waist and hip circumference (cm); body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio (WHR) were assessed. The following laboratory investigations were done:; fasting serum lipid profile, fasting plasma (venous) glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum electrolytes, urea and creatinine. Electrocardiogram (ECG) was also done in all the subjects.
Esaote Megas CVX Echocardiography machine which has facility for two-dimensional, m-mode, continuous wave, pulsed wave and color Doppler was used to assess the heart according to the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) recommendations. [8] Indices measured included÷ left ventricular internal dimension in diastole (LVIDd) and in systole (LVIDs), interventricular septum in diastole (IVSd) and systole (IVSs) and the posterior wall dimension in diastole (PWd) and systole (PWs). Others were aortic (AOD) and left atrial dimension (LAD). LV ejection fraction (LVEF), fractional shortening (FS) and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) were derived from the earlier measurements. The LVMI, EF and FS were determined as follows:
where IVSd - interventricular septal thickness in diastole
LVDd - left ventricular wall dimension in diastole
PWTd - posterior wall thickness in diastole
BSA - body surface area
Relative wall thickness (RWT) was calculated by the formula: [9] 2 × PWd/LVIDd.
The pattern of LV remodeling was determined using LVMI and RWT.
Increased RWT was present if RWT was ≥0.45 [9]
LV geometric pattern was classified using RWT and LVMI as follows:
Normal geometry = normal LVMI and RWT
Concentric remodeling= normal LVMI and RWT ≥0.45
Eccentric LV hypertrophy= increased LVMI and RWT <0.45
Concentric LV hypertrophy= increased LVMI and RWT ≥0.45
EF=Ejection fraction
FS=Fractional shortening
LVIDd=Left ventricular internal dimension in diastole
LVIDs=Left ventricular internal dimension in systole
The left ventricular diastolic function was assessed using Doppler modalities. The Doppler variables measured included peak velocity of early mitral filling (E-wave), peak velocity of atrial contraction (A-wave), and E/A ratio. Others included isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) and the deceleration time (DT). Pulmonary venous flow (PVF) velocity recordings, which included peak systolic (S), diastolic (D) flow velocities ratio of S/D and the peak atrial reversal (Ar) were obtained.
Systolic function was considered as normal if LVEF>50% and FS of greater than 25%.
Diastolic function was categorized according to its progression into grades:
- Normal diastolic function was taken as E/A between 1 and 2, IVRT of between 80 and 110 ms and DT of between 150 and 240 ms.
- Impaired relaxation, the E/A should be 110 ms, DT >240 ms,
- Pseudonormalization, E/A between 1 and 2, IVRT 80-110 ms, DT 150-220 ms and the PVF S/D <1.
- Restrictive pattern, the E/A is> 2, and DT <150 ms. [10]
Data Analysis
Data obtained was analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS 15) computer software. Data were expressed as mean th + standard deviation (SD) and frequencies were expressed as percentages. Means of proportion were compared using the Chi-square while Student's t-test was used for continuous variables. Correlates of LV function were determined using the Pearson's rank correlation and predictors were assessed using multiple regressions. A P-value of less than or equal to 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
| Results | | |
0ne hundred and fifty type 2 DM patients consisting of 65 males and 85 females were studied. Their age range was from 26 to 80 years. The mean age of the patients (55.4±11.6 years) was similar to that of the control subjects (54.2±9.6 years) (P=0.348) and mean duration of DM in the patients was 4.53 years.
[Table 1] displays the anthropometric characteristics of the study group. Mean BMI, weight, and height were significantly (P=0.001, P=0.002, P=0.001) higher in the control subjects than the type 2 DM patients. However, the WHR and SBP were higher in the diabetic subjects (P=0.001, P=0.001). The patients' FBS and HbA1c were also significantly higher than controls (P=0.01 and P=0.01)
[Table 1].
Significant higher proportion of patients (49%) had abnormal ECG pattern compared with 30% of the controls (P=0.001). The prevalence of LVH was significantly (P=0.003) higher in the former than the latter. More diabetic patients had left atrial enlargement (LAE) and left bundle branch block (LBBB) than controls (P=0.006 and 0.006 respectively). Abnormalities of ST segment and Q-wave suggestive of myocardial ischemia were significantly higher (P=0.005) in diabetic cohort than the control. About 17% of diabetics and 5.5% 0f controls had LVH in combination with other abnormalities, such as complete LBBB, PVCs and LAE [Table 2].
The left ventricular geometric patterns are as shown in [Table 3]. Abnormal LV geometric patterns (concentric LVH and eccentric LVH) were commoner in the diabetics than the controls (P=0.001) | Table 3: Left ventricular geometric configuration of patients and control
Click here to view |
The left ventricular dimensions (LVIDd, LVIDs) were significantly (P=0.005, P=0.001 respectively) higher in the controls than the patients. However, the diabetic cohort showed significantly higher LVMI (139.20±40.20 vs 96.46±15.78, P=0.001) [Table 4]. | Table 4: Echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular systolic function of patients and controls
Click here to view |
Comparison of parameters of LV systolic function (ejection fraction and fractional shortening) between patients and control revealed that these parameters were within normal range for both groups but were significantly better in patients than controls (EF% 70.3±10.69 vs 64.4 ± 9.36, P =0.001; FS% 41.1±10.45 vs 33.22±5.45, P= 0.001 respectively) [Table 4].
The indices of LV diastolic function showed that the mitral EA ratio was significantly lower in diabetic cohort as compared with controls (0.92±0.38 vs 1.32±0.27 P=0.001). Similarly, the DT was lower (P=0.001) in diabetic than controls. However, the IVRT was higher in the diabetic patients (P=0.001) than the controls. The PVF parameters did not show any statistically significant differences between patients and control. However, the diabetics had lower PVF S/D wave ratio [Table 5]. | Table 5: Echocardiographic left ventricular diastolic function parameters of patients and controls
Click here to view |
[Table 6] displays patterns and prevalence of various forms of LV diastolic dysfunction in study subjects. Majority (72%) of the patients had LVDD while 6% of controls had LVDD (P=0.001). Sixty five percent of diabetic cohort had impaired form of LV diastolic dysfunction against 6% of control (P=0.001). On the other hand, 4% of the patients had pseudonormalization type of LV diastolic dysfunction while 3% had restrictive pattern of LV diastolic dysfunction but none of the control subjects had the latter two forms of LVDD. | Table 6: Pattern and prevalence of grades of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction among patients and controls
Click here to view |
Correlation of severity (grades 1-4) of LVDD with patients' clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic parameters showed significantly positive association with age, weight, LAD and LVMI [Table 7]. However, no correlation was observed between LVDD and duration of DM, BMI, WHR, HbA1c, FBS, DBP and SBP.
Using multiple regression analysis to define determinants of LV diastolic function revealed that, patients' age, LAD and body weight were independent predictors of LV diastolic function [Table 8]. However, LVMI was not.  | Table 7: Correlation of severity of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction with clinical parameters
Click here to view |
 | Table 8: Predictors of left ventricular diastolic function using multiple (stepwise linear) regressions analysis
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| Discussion | | |
The main finding of this study is high prevalence of LVDD in black normotensive type 2 DM patients. The study showed that 72% of the patients evaluated had one form of LVDD or the other. Similar studies in USA involving both White and Black type 2 DM individuals reported comparable prevalence of LVDD. [11],[12] In the same vein, Osunkwo and Okeahialam had found high prevalence of LVDD in DM patients seen in Jos, Nigeria. [13] However, Danbauchi et al., and Masugata et al., did not observe any significant difference in the prevalence of diastolic dysfunction between diabetic and control subjects in Zaria, Nigeria and Japan respectively. [4,14] The differences in reported prevalence may be due to the use of different instruments and parameters in assessing diastolic function.
Although, the results of the study showed normal LV systolic function in both patient and the control groups, there was an enhancement of LV systolic function in the former. This may be due to the increase in LV wall thickness and mass compared to healthy control, [15] as suggested by Thuesen et al. However, Osunkwo and Okeahialam; and other related works did not observe any significant difference in LV systolic function in patients and controls; they hypothesized that, signs of diastolic abnormalities could appear much earlier than systolic abnormalities in diabetics or that they do not live long enough to develop overt LV systolic dysfunction. [13],[16],[17] But, Marwick [18] argued that systolic dysfunction has been more difficult to find in human studies because of the low sensitivity of standard parameters used to assess LV systolic function (for example, ejection fraction). Recently, more sensitive indices of long axis function such as tissue Doppler echocardiographic imaging have provided evidence of disturbances of LV systolic function in diabetes, initially compensated by preservation of radial function. [19] On the other hand, some studies had found lower ejection fraction among type 2 DM patients than normal control. [20],[21],[22] The diabetic subjects had higher left ventricular mass index (LVMI) than controls in this study. Danbauchi et al.,[4] and Liu et al.,[23] made similar observation. The LVMI in the diabetic patients was also positively associated with the grade of diastolic dysfunction in this study. This was also observed by Zabalgoitia et al. [11] This may be due to increased apoptosis and necrosis which have been identified in diabetic heart disease, causing increased deposition of collagen in diffuse manner as a result of replacement fibrosis and connective tissue cell proliferation. [24] This ultimately results in increased LV mass and consequently decreased ventricular compliance. However, some studies did not find significant difference in LVMI [13] and relative wall thickness [14] between diabetics and normal controls. Danbauchi et al., reported a positive correlation between LVMI, diastolic and systolic blood pressure which was not seen in our study. [4]
Characterization of LV geometric pattern further refines cardiovascular risk associated with LVH. Diabetics, unlike the control, in the present study had predominantly concentric LVH geometric pattern. This is the pattern that is associated with more severe hemodynamic and structural abnormalities and consequently the most adverse cardiovascular (CV) risk. [25] LVDD correlated positively, on simple analysis with patient's age, LAD and weight in this study. On multiple regression analysis, this relationship was sustained with the patient's age, LAD and weight independently predicting LV diastolic function. However, LVMI did not independently predict grades of LV diastolic dysfunction. These are similar to the findings of other studies; Masugata et al., [14] found LV diastolic function to be inversely correlated with aging and the duration of type 2 diabetes. Danbauchi et al., found significant correlation between diastolic dysfunction and age, fasting blood glucose, and two-hour postprandial glucose. [4] Ageing understandably causes increased atherosclerosis affecting both the large arteries and the resistant vessels leading to LV hypertrophy and decrease compliance. In contrast, Attali et al., in a study of 49 diabetic patients without known heart disease, reported that LVDD was unrelated to sex, age, duration of diabetes, or the presence of complications. [26]
This study showed that more diabetic patients (49%) had abnormal ECG patterns as compared with the control (30%). The resting ECG of the diabetic patients and controls revealed higher incidence of LVH, LAE, LBBB and ST wave and Q wave changes in the diabetics than controls. This is in agreement with reports from Kaduna, Northern Nigeria which found 20% of diabetics and 1.5% of controls to have ST-T abnormalities. [27] Earlier studies especially among diabetic Caucasians revealed high prevalence of asymptomatic abnormal ST segment depression which was thought to be due to autonomic neuropathy. [28]
Fewer patients (5%) in this study had ST segment changes and Q-wave abnormalities but the prevalence was higher in the diabetic group than control. This may be due to the low incidence of CAD in sub-Saharan Africans even among diabetics. In this regard, a review of ECG of diabetic Asian migrants in the UK showed ST-T wave abnormalities to be the most common finding [29] and ST-T wave abnormalities on ECG at rest have been shown to strongly correlate with silent ischemia. [30] LVH is the most frequent ECG abnormality, present in about 34% of diabetics which is similar to the reports of other studies. [16] However Bello-Sani and Anumah reported that only 7% of their diabetic cohort had LVH. [27]
In conclusion, there is a high prevalence of LVDD in normotensive type 2 DM patients in our environment and this suggests cardiac involvement even in asymptomatic individuals. We suggest that cardiac assessment using non-invasive imaging modality should be a part of routine evaluation of type 2 DM patients. Early lifestyle modifications to achieve normal body weight in this group of patients will prevent or delay onset of overt cardiovascular disease.
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[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5], [Table 6], [Table 7], [Table 8]
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